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Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) is used as a medicinal plant in the treatment of liver diseases. In order to investigate germination and seedling growth in S. marianum subjected to NaCl, a three replicated experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design in the laboratory of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. Treatments included seven salinity levels (50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175 and 200 mM) and a control (distilled water). Germination percentage (GP), mean germination time (MGT), seed-ling vigour index (SVI), shoot, root and seedling weight were measured. The effect of salinity levels was significant on GP, SVI, MGT and seedling weight and length (p ? 0.01). However, the NaCl concentration effect was not significant on shoot : root length ratio and or shoot : root weight ratios. Results showed that germination decreased when salinity increased, while MGT increased. MGT was 1.75 times higher than in the control at the highest salt concentration. MGT difference was not significant between 75 mM NaCl and con-trol, while it dramatically increased by increasing the NaCl concentration from 150 to 200 mM NaCl. Reduc-tion slope and salt tolerance index (STI) were estimated for germination (0.54 and 231.9) and seedling stage (0.24 and 237.4). According to the results, milk thistle could be considered as a valuable medicinal plant in fairly salinized areas.

Seeds of maize (cv. SC AR68) were divided into three sub-samples, one of which with a 100% germina-tion was kept as high vigor seed lot (V1). The other two samples were artificially aged at 40°C for 2 and 3 days, reducing normal germination to 98% (V2) and 93% (V3), respectively. Each of these samples was subse-quently divided into four sub-samples, one of which was kept as unprimed and three other samples were hy-dro-primed at 15°C for 7, 14 and 21 h, and then their moisture content reduced to about 20% in a room at 20?22°C. The experiment was undertaken in 2016 as factorial based on randomized complete block design in three replicates. seed aging and hydro-priming had no significant effects on leaf temperature, Fv/Fm, CCI and plant biomass due to regular irrigation. Seed aging reduced, but hydro-priming enhanced LAI, grain yield and harvest index of the resultant plants. Grain yield of plants from high vigor seed lot (V1) was 23.5% and 64.5% greater than that of V2 and V3 plants. Seed hydro-priming for 21 h also increased grain yield of maize by about 32%. Therefore, hydro-priming for 21 h is the best pretreatment to improve field performance and yield of maize.

Both Globodera rostochiensis (Wollenweber, 1923) Behrens, 1975 and Globodera pallida (Stone, 1973) are considered the most economically important nematode pest. Annual regional survey conduct in Poland have revealed high infestation of pathotype Ro1 to the northwest of the country and presence of new pathotype Ro5 of G. rostochiensis. In 2009-2013 fifty eight soil samples were tested. parasitic root organisms cause significant losses in quantity and quality of potato crops. In many European countries PCN have become a major problem in potato production mainly in starch potato cultivars. The pathotype Ro1 was detected mostly in central and northern Poland and pathotype Ro5 in four separated provinces: malopolskie, lubuskie, lubelskie and pomorskie. The abundance of cysts in location where the new pathotype was detected suggests that is a thread of further spread of pathotype Ro5 of G. rostochiensis in the country. Consequently, producers and farmers need to grow resistant potato cultivars to keep nematode population below damaging level. These results indicate the urgent need to prevent the spread of PCN to non-infested areas. This report focused on identification of nematode pathotypes in soil samples from infested polish fields and presentation of G. rostochiensis distribution on territory of Poland.

Aluminum toxicity is the major growth-limiting factor for crop cultivation on acid soils. Tolerance mecha-nisms for Al stress in triticale have not been systematically investigated so far. It is presumed, that in the case of this species they may be a function of the interaction between wheat and rye genes. In this study the se-quences of forty-six Diversity Arrays Technology markers associated with aluminum tolerance in triticale and under selection pressure were blasted against BLAST database for the identification of possible functions of the respective genome regions in Al-stress response. The analysis has showed sequences similarity to the domains involved in signaling, disease response and DNA repair mechanisms.

The diversity of phenolic compounds found in rye grain makes this cereal the valuable source of these substances in everyday food. Simple phenolic compounds, as well as their metabolites, show a pro-health effect. Phenolic acids and ferulic acid dehydrodimers are included in the group of cereal antioxidants. The antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds is an essential factor in the prevention of cancer and cardiovascular diseases.

Improvement in the rate and amount of germination of seeds has a very important effect on the establish-ment of primary seedlings and the increase of rangeland production. The rapid and uniform germination of seeds leads to the successful establishment of plants. The use of nanoscale materials can help germinate faster seeds. Therefore, in this study, the effects of TiO2 nanoparticles in concentrations of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60 and 80 mg / l on the rate and speed of seed germination of Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. paid. This design was carried out in a completely randomized design with four replications for 20 days at a constant temperature of 20°C under 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness at the Germinator of Natural Resources Faculty of the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The results showed that germination percentage of treated seeds with TiO2 nanoparticles increased to 23% ppm compared to control treatment. Also, in other concentrations of other nanoparticles, there was a positive effect on speed and germination percentage, so that the effect of different concentrations of nanoparticles on germination characteristics of Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. seeds was significant. The highest germination percentage was observed in the concentration of 30 ppm and the lowest germination rate at 30 and 20 ppm concentrations. In high concentrations of TiO2 nanoparticles, no positive effects were observed on the germination characteristics of seed Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. To conclude the use of TiO2 nanoparticles can be improved by improving the seed germination properties of the medicinal plant Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. that cause increases plant?s establishment in natural areas.

Ferula assa-foetida and F. gummosa, Apiaceae, are important endemic and endangered medicinal plants. Survival of the species is threatened by climate change, overexploiting (as source of oleo-gum resin and forage) and lack of organized cultivation. Cultivation of these valuable medicinal plants is restricted by insufficient domestication knowledge. Germination characteristics of different popula-tions of Ferula taxa were studied with the aim of describing and comparing their responses to continu-ous cold stratification condition. Germination cues for the species were complex, with dormancy mechanisms present to restrict germination until cold stratification are fulfilled. Results indicated that a period of 4 weeks of stratification is sufficient for germination of F. assa-foetida, but optimal germi-nation of F. gummosa require stratification for periods of 8 weeks. Both species were able to germi-nate at very low temperatures (4°C). Within-taxon differences in dormancy breaking and seedling emergence may interpret as local adaptations. The continued regeneration and propagation of the species in the wild will depend on the temperature and moisture status of the soil during winter and the maintenance of conditions suitable for stratification for an appropriate length of time.

The cyst nematodes belonging to the genus Globodera are big worldwide problem in countries were Sola-naceaous plants growing. Knowledge of species-composition in populations of Globodera rostochiensis and Globodera pallida is very important for selection of appropriate measure of nematode regulations occurrence. Inter- and intraspecific variability among species of Globodera rostochiensis and Globodera pallida were studied intensively with the use of molecular analyses of DNA methods. This review summarize and compare of methods chosen to distinguishing between Globodera, both pathotypes and species.

Ferula assa-foetida and F. gummosa, Apiaceae, are important endemic and endangered medicinal plants. Survival of the species is threatened by climate change, overexploiting (as source of oleo-gum resin and for-age) and lack of organized cultivation. Cultivation of these valuable medicinal plants is restricted by insuffi-cient domestication knowledge. Germination characteristics of different populations of Ferula taxa were studied with the aim of describing and comparing their responses to continuous cold stratification condition. Germination cues for the species were complex, with dormancy mechanisms present to restrict germination until cold stratification are fulfilled. Results indicated that a period of 4 weeks of stratification is sufficient for germination of F. assa-foetida, but optimal germination of F. gummosa require stratification for periods of 8 weeks. Both species were able to germinate at very low temperatures (4°C). Within-taxon differences in dor-mancy breaking and seedling emergence may interpret as local adaptations. The continued regeneration and propagation of the species in the wild will depend on the temperature and moisture status of the soil during winter and the maintenance of conditions suitable for stratification for an appropriate length of time.

The aim of the study was to estimate the technological value and chemical composition of new common wheat cultivars. The experimental material consisted of grain and flour obtained from 5 cultivars of common wheat, registered in 2017-2019, donated by Plant Breeding Strzelce - IHAR Group Ltd., Co., and harvested in years 2017-2018. The physical characteristics of the grain were determined: milling yield, falling number, gluten content, Zeleny sedimentation index as well as farinograph analysis and laboratory baking were performed. Furthermore, the content of grain nutrients and dietary fiber was determined. Significant differences between cultivars in terms of technological parameters and chemical composition have been demonstrated. The protein content in the grain was in the range of 13.3-15.2%, and the amount of gluten in the range of 28.6-36.8%. The cultivars were characterized by low alpha-amylase activity with an average falling number value 331s. The average water absorption of flour was 62.1%, and the volume of obtained bread was in the range 318-381cm3. The bread of best quality was obtained from the Wilejka cultivar, that was also the richest source of protein. The average dietary fiber content from two years of research was 10.8%, including 7.7% of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), of which 5.8% of the insoluble fraction (I-NSP) and 1.9% of the soluble fraction (S-NSP). The richest source of dietary fiber was the spring wheat Alibi. The tested cultivars were characterized by high technological value and very good chemical composition and can be recommended for use in the food industry.

Arabinoxylans are an essential component of dietary fiber, and their health-promoting properties are determined mainly by the content and structural features their biopolymers. Rye bread is particularly rich in these compounds; their unique features in the context of content and chemical structure of rye arabinoxylans make it a valuable component od daily diet. Long-term studies have shown the positive effect of these compounds in the aspect of prevention of civilization diseases such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases. Among the description of the physicochemical properties and diversity of arabinoxylans, the article contains a collection of the most important reports regarding the health-promoting effects of these polymers, as well as their metabolism in the human body.

High quality seed production is essential in organic production as well as in conventional production. Fruit maturity can be observed at different times due to the continuous flowering of pepper plant. Consequently, seeds with different maturity are obtained as the fruits are collected during once over-harvesting period. Immature seeds collected in once over-harvest may cause quality losses in the seed lot. Hence, this study was conducted to determine the effect of after-ripening on mature and immature pepper seeds produced in organic and conventional production systems. To see the effect of after-ripening treatment, seeds were harvested in two different periods (immature 45-50 day after anthesis(DAA) and mature 60-65DAA). After-ripening(AR) was performed by keeping the seeds in fruits for 7 days after harvesting the fruits. Effect of production systems and after-ripening on immature and mature pepper seed lots were assessed for four cultivars harvested in 2015 and 2016. After-ripening increased germination (AR:76.3%, C:28% for organic and AR:88%, C:53.8% for conventional), seedling emergence (AR:70.8%, C:44.3% for organic and AR:82.5%, C:53.8% for conventional) percentages and mean weight of 1000 seeds (AR:6.5, C:6.0g for organic and AR:6.5, C:6.2g for conventional) in both production systems of immature seed lots compared to control (C)(P<0.05) but did not have a similar effect on mature ones. Moreover, organically-produced seed lots have the same quality as conventionally-produced seeds. Consequently, obtained results indicate that after-ripening can be used to enhance the quality of immature seeds of pepper cultivars and seeds can be produced organically without any loss of quality.

Experiments were made in order to examin the influence of various factors on the induction of androgenesis in heterozygous breeding material of tomato. The factors like: length of buds the manner of sterilization, type and the composition of induction media, genotype and thermal shock were included in conducted experiments. Most of all sterile cultures with the highest number of anther-derived callus were obtain by applying 2,5% calcium hypochlorite for 5 minutes. Anther-derived calli was obtained in 9 breeding lines from 18 used genotypes. The induction medium with the composition based on B5 medium with the addition of 750 mg L-1 calcium chloride and 100 g L-1 sucrose proved to be the best for inducing androgenesis. The addition of thidiazuron and NAA to this medium in the following season and silver nitrate in the other experiminet improved the efficiency of this process, which was depended on the genotype. Despite the lack of statistically significant differences, the highest number of anther-derived calli was obtained when anthers were cooled for 2 days in +4oC in the refrigerating chamber.

The aim of the study was to assess the agricultural stability and the degree of wide adaptation of the total tuber yield of potato varieties grown in the years 2014-2017. For the analysis, 34 potato cultivars of different maturity groups of different uses were selected. The application was made using the AMMI model. Measures were used to evaluate the wide adaptation: superiority measure Pi, Eskridge?y yield reliability measure Ri and a measure of Kang stability YSi. For the analyzed parameters, significant differences between years, varieties and genotype × year interaction were shown. Agriculturally stable varieties were obtained: seven in the total tuber yield. The ranking of varieties made it possible to conclude that the highest degree of wide adaptation in terms of the total yield was shown by the varieties: Mondeo, Ignacy, Gwiazda, Denar, Michalina and Lord.

The aim of the three-year field experiment was to evaluate the reaction of winter wheat, RGT Kilimanjaro cultivar to different foliar fertilization. The experiment was set up in a randomized blocks in the fields of the Podkarpackie Agricultural Advisory Center in Boguchwała. The tested factor consisted of various variants of foliar fertilization: B ? two-time spraying of YaraVita Grain and C ? two-time spraying of YaraVita Grain, one-time YaraVita Kombiphos and one-time YaraVita Thiotrac, which were compared to the control (A). It was shown that the variable weather conditions in the years of the research had a modifying effect on the yields obtained. In 2017, more than 9 t?ha-1 grain was harvested, while in 2018 and 2019, by 2.0 and 0.92 t?ha-1 less, respectively. After applying foliar fertilization in variants C and B, the yields were significantly higher compared to the control, by 0.72 t?ha-1 and 0.44 t?ha-1, respectively. Fourfold foliar fertilization (variant C) significantly increased WTG and indices of Soil Plant Analysis System (SPAD) and leaf area index (LAI) compared to the control. In the case of the stomatal conductivity of leaves (Gs), it was proved that the applied fertilization in variant C resulted in a decrease in readings in relation to the control. The foliar fertilizers used in variant C significantly increased the content of total protein in the grain and the decrease in fiber compared to the control. In the case of variant B, the obtained differences were insignificant. Therefore, in the cultivation of winter wheat, a more intensive variant of foliar fertilization should be recommended.

Twelve head cabbage inbred lines obtained at the Research Institute of Horticulture, Department of Genetics and Breeding, Skierniewice, Poland were evaluated in respect to the morphological characters, dynamic of the root development, photosynthesis and transpiration activity that could affect their resistance for the drought stress. The evaluation was conducted in controlled conditions at head formation stage and at the field when cabbage reached their maturity. All inbred lines were uniform with high breeding value but they were also highly diversified in respect to their characters. Different reactions for drought stress between the lines was recorded. Genotypes with high dynamics of root development, smaller leaf size, compact shape of plant, with stronger transpiration and photosynthesis reaction will be probably less susceptible to drought stress. High level of diversity of cabbage inbred lines reflects their potential for the breeding of the new F1 cultivars with better adaptation for the abiotic stresses including drought stress in the future.

Global warming has increased interest in growing soya in Poland. Variable weather conditions during the vegetation seasons, however, still make its cultivation potentially risky. In this study we wanted to assess how contrasting climate conditions influence on seed yield, 1000 seed weight and other important physical traits, as well as on contents of nutrients, dietary fibre constituents, trypsin inhibitor and phenolic components in nine soybean genotypes of different earliness. The field experiments were conducted in two consecutive vegetation seasons at Radzików, located in central Poland. Comprehensive seed characteristics of physical and chemical traits allowed to identify the best varieties for different end-uses, food or feed. A significant effect of variety and year of cultivation were observed for all evaluated traits. With the exception for the length of vegetation period, seed yield, seed coat and soluble non-starch polysaccharide content, significant interactions between variety and year of cultivation were found for the remaining traits. Weather conditions, such as very low precipitation with an average temperature above the multi-year average temperature in the month of July, when pod and seed is in full development, had a negative effect on all seed traits evaluated, regardless of variety earliness.

A close field experiment with winter wheat was conducted during 2016?2019, at the Experimental Station for Variety Evaluation in Przecław. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of increasing doses of nitrogen and foliar fertilization on yield, canopy architectural parameters, quality characteristics and mineral composition of grain of the hybrid cultivar Hybiza. The fertilization with N200 nitrogen dose as compared to N150 significantly increased: leaf area index (LAI), leaf tilt angle (MTA), Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD), spike density per area unit, plant lodging, MTZ and grain yield. Foliar feeding as compared to the control object resulted in a significant increase in such parameters as SPAD index, MTZ and?grain yield. An increased dose of nitrogen N200 increased the values of quality parameters and the amount of Fe and Cu. Foliar fertilisation, on the other hand, increased the amount of Zn and Fe in grain without affecting the bulk density and accuracy of grain. The yield level as well as quality and mineral composition of grain were modified by weather conditions varying in the years of the research.

The aim of the study was to determine the presence of Fusarium species and mycotoxins in wheat grain from harvest in 2009 and 2010 in Poland. Samples from different locations were analyzed for the content of DNA of Fusarium species and mycotoxins. In 2009, DNA of F. graminearum and F. poae was present in all samples, F. culmorum in 82% of samples, and F. avenaceum in 55% of samples. In 2010, the highest content of DNA was found for F. graminearum followed by F. avenaceum, F. poae and F. langsethiae. The amount of F. culmorum DNA was very low. The most frequently occurring species were F. poae and F. graminearum, however, the amount of F. poae DNA was lower. In 2009, deoxynivalenol was detected in all samples. In 2010, the average content of deoxynivalenol was lower than in 2009. Nivalenol was detected at very low concentration in both years. Significant correlations between content of F. graminearum DNA and deoxynivalenol concentration in the grain and between content of F. poae DNA and nivalenol concentration in the grain in 2009 were found.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the yield variability of spring barley families grown at the Nagradowice Plant Breeding Station of Poznan Plant Breeding against other families studied in years 2017?2018 in Team Breeding Experiments. Research material included 250 spring barley families cultivated in 2017 and 2018 in 6 locations. Selection of spring barley families for preliminary experiments was based on synthesis of results obtained in inter-plant experiments established in 2016 and 2017 in 5 locations. Combined (due to location) analysis of variance for experimental data was performed for each year and each series of experiments separately. Best Weighted Linear Unbiased Estimators (BWLUE) for the effects of individual sources of variation were included in ANOVA model. Significant effect of location on mean yield was observed in each research year and each series of experiments. Crucial differences were also observed between tested varieties and breeding lines. Moreover, significant interaction between locations and varieties or breeding families was also observed. Self-organising map (SOM) was applied to develop multivariable characteristic of tested families and cultivars of spring barley. Analyses results, i.e. ranking of BWLUE effects as well as SOM segmentation revealed seven breading lines from Breeding Station Nagradowice, which may be considered for further breeding process.

The research included 19 breeding lines and 4 cultivars of spring barley from the preliminary field experiments harvested in 2020 in Radzików. All barley samples were characterized for the content of protein, non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) with soluble (S-NSP) and insoluble (I-NSP) fractions and ?-glucan. Additionally, viscosity of water extracts (WEV) was measured to determine the functional properties of the grain. It was the most diverse parameter (CV = 27%) and was significantly correlated with ?-glucan content (r = 0.50; for p <0.05). This dependence is shown by the results obtained for the grain of the Avatar cultivar and the RAH 744/19 breeding line, in which the content of ?-glucan (5.3% and 4.8%, respectively), as well as the WEV (3.3 mPa.s and 3.0 mPa.s, respectively) were the highest. The lowest content of ? ? glucan (3.5%) and one of the lowest WEV values (1.4 mPa.s) were observed for KWS Jessie cultivar. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed a substantial impact of the two components PC1 and PC2 on the variability of the analyzed material showing significant variability of the 5 barley genotypes and confirmed the previous results of biochemical analyzes. Our results made it possible to indicate several genotypes that may constitute a source of variability in breeding works aimed at improving the quality of barley. Presented study also show that the grain of some new barley genotypes, with a favorable chemical composition from a fodder and brewing perspective, is a good material for future use in industry.

The paper presents a modified approach to analysis of data obtained from experiments carried out according to classical factorial designs. Four examples were discussed in order to present details of proposed method. Modification of the analysis of variance presented here enables more effective use of information on how studied factors affect the means of dependent variable. The specificity of this approach is based on alternative multiple comparison procedure incorporating orthogonal contrasts to determine homogeneous groups.

The 14950 floristic data were collected on the urban biotops area in Olsztyn. There were 578 species of the vascular herbaceous plants and seedlings of trees and shrubs. Number of species in the basic area (square units 1x1 1 km) was from 18 (squares 67 and 76 (EB42) to 210 (square 35 (EB52). The synanthropic flora of Olsztyn included 84 families, of which the most abundant species are: Asteraceae, Poaceae, Brassicaceae and Fabaceae (78, 51, 39 and 38 species respectively). The most common life form of plants in the urbanized areas of Olsztyn were hemicryptophytes which constituted over 40% of the flora analyzed. The most numerously represented geographical and historical group in the flora of the urban biotopes of Olsztyn were synanthropic species of local origin, i.e. apophytes, with a clear domination of forest and scrub apophytes. Among the alien species, i.e. anthropophytes, diaphytes dominated, i.e. species that were not permanently established. The occurrence and spatial distribution of particular plant species in Olsztyn in spatial use complexes separated on its area showed a clear numerical predominance of plant species in the transport complex. There were found 466 plant species, which constituted more than 80% of all identified taxa. The greatest number of species in the Olsztyn urban biotopes was recorded within those representing the H4 degree on the hemerobic scale, which included transitional habitats from meso- to ?-euhemerobic. Basic fields (squares) were differentiated in terms of such indices as floristic value or floristic distinctness and the indices of: synatropization, modernization and labile flora. The highest value of floristic value and floristic distinctness was found in case of square 26 (EB 52). The highest values of synanthropization coefficient were found in quadrats 35 (EB 52), 26 (EB 52) and 89 (EB 42) ? 58. The strongest positive correlation was found between floristic value and number of species and percentage share of anthropophytes in the analyzed quadrats. In both cases Spearman?s rank correlation coefficient was high at 0.999.

Based on production data and trends in seed production, the state and prospects of the seed market of grain legumes were analyzed. Changes in the cultivated area and production volume of these plants over the years 1990?2019 were analyzed, together with an assessment of the potential for their seed production growth. The share of certified seed (CS) used in the production of grain legumes and the demand for seeds in relation to the development of the domestic production of fodder plant protein were determined. Taking into account the prices of seeds, the actual and potential value of the seed market was assessed. The possibilities of further development of grain legume seed production were estimated depending on the changing demand for domestic legume seeds.

The impact of breeding on grain legume yielding and utilization of the existing potential in practice were assessed. The analyses made use of the results of the Post-Registretion Variety Testing experiments of grain legumes carried out in 2005?2020 and statistical data on yielding under production conditions (GUS, 2005?2020). Changes in the number of varieties entered in the National Register, as well as in the yield and yield potential of seeds and proteins of individual species were studied. Yields of individual species have not changed significantly, and in the case of lupins a decrease in yields has been observed in recent years. Only soybean yields have increased in recent years. After eliminating the influence of weather factors, small but significant increases in seed and protein yields of soybean, peas, broad bean and lupins were found. The average annual yield increase ranged from 6.6 kg of seeds per hectare for yellow lupin to 40.2 kg for soybean. Analogous values of protein yield increment ranged from 2.7 kg for narrow-leaved lupin to 12.7 kg for soybean. The use of the existing yield potential of grain legumes in practice is better than t that of cereals, however, it is not sufficient to maintain, or improve their competitiveness.