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The objective for the study is to present the current threats of arable weeds in Poland. The analysis was conducted on the Polish red lists of arable species (3 national and 22 regional and local) prepared in the period 1994-2008. A total of 105 weeds have been considered as weeds threatened in Poland. All regional and local red lists included a joint total of 184 taxa. The particular regions have between 13 and 95 threatened taxa. The species most frequently appearing in the listings are: Agrostemma githago, Bromus secalinus and Camelina microcarpa. Five taxa (Bromus arvensis, Camelina alyssum, C. sativa, Cuscuta epilinum, Spergula arvensis subsp. maxima) are considered extinct on the national scale, while in the individual regions this number ranges from 1 to 15. A relatively high share is allocated on many regional and local red lists to taxa with an indeterminate level of threat. The conducted comparison shows that there is an urgent need to compile similar listings for the remaining areas of Poland, making it possible to create an updated and real listing of threatened weeds. At the same time, it is necessary to update the existing red lists and to adopt more precise quantitative criteria for the threat estimation, in accordance with the estimation parameters introduced by the IUCN and currently in force...

The paper presents a list of the rarest endangered segetal weeds recorded in the Silesian Upland during the previous two decades (1989-2009) with threat categories as well as their distribution concentration map. In the area researched, fifty red-listed taxa (i.e. species, subspecies, and forma) considered to be endangered on a regional and/or national scale were recorded. Thirty-five of them constitute the group of the rarest species (up to 20 localities in the studied area). Lythrum hyssopifolia (included in the Polish Red Data Book of Plants), Adonis aestivalis, Anagallis foemina, A. arvensis fo. azurea, Filago arvensis, Fumaria parviflora, F. rostellata, F. schleicheri, Kickxia elatine, Misopates orontium, Saxifraga tridacylites are among the most interesting segetal weed species noted in the study area. Archaeophytes are the most dominant; however, there is also a remarkable group of apophytes. One species, i.e. Portulaca oleracea is a_kenophyte, while Fumaria parviflora has the status of an ephemerophyte in Polish flora. In the northern part of the Silesian Upland (mesoregions the Tarnowskie Góry Ridge and the Chełm) and in the north-eastern part (the Jaworzno Hills) the concentration of the analyzed species localities corresponds to the presence of calcium-rich rendzina soils as well as to the traditional agricultural methods still commonly applied in that area. A decrease in the number of stands of a vast majority of calcicolous weeds including the character species of the Caucalidion lappulae alliance was observed. Moreover, the analysis of relationship between some environmental factors and the endangered species by using CCA was tested...

The purpose of this paper is to present the role of the selected species (i.e. associations character species, endangered as well as the most expansive weeds) in arable field communities in the area_of the Tarnowskie Góry Ridge and the Chełm, two mesoregions of the Silesian Upland (southern Poland). On the basis of 750 phytosociological relevés taken using the method of Braun-Blanquet (Braun-Blanquet 1964) between 1995 and 2009, eight weed associations as well as numerous rump communities were distinguished. Phytocoenoses without a significant contribution of the association character species comprised about 68% of the patches analysed in the cereal crop and about 12% of the communities established in the root plant crop. Very often the character species of cereal weed associations occurred sporadically or in small numbers. Some expansive weeds (e.g. Apera_spica-venti (L.) P. Beauv., Avena_fatua_L., A. vilis Wallr., Chenopodium album L., Echinochloa_crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv., Elymus repens L., Galinsoga_ciliata_(Raf.) S. F. Blake, G. parviflora_Cav.) played an important role in the communities analysed. The vanishing of some weed species and the spread of others has resulted in the transformation of the composition and structure of the segetal communities. a_vast majority of rare and endangered weed species in the studied area_are considered to be very sensitive to modern agriculture methods, e.g. chemicalization, introduction of new crop cultivars, effective cleaning of seed materials, drainage etc. (Siciński 1998; Warcholińska_1998)...

The present state and characteristics of the segetal flora of the Mazowiecki Landscape Park and its buffer zone are described. Flora of the agrocenoses of the Park and its buffer zone is rich and includes 221 species. A _large differentiation of habitats, A wide contact zone with natural communities and traditional methods of cultivation affect its biodiversity. Rare species constitute more than half of the total species recorded in the agrocenoses of the Park and its buffer zone. In total, 25 of them are included in various categories of threat (Zarzycki, Wojewoda, Heinrich 1992). Among the most endangered are such plants, as, Helichrisum arenarium, Aphanes arvensis, Melandrium noctiflorum, Bromus secalinus, Agrostemma githago, Lathytus tuberosus, Kickxia elatine, Centunculus minimus, Hypericum humifusum, Peplis portula, Centaurium pulchellum, Radiola linoides and Myosurus minimus. Apophytes (142 species) prevail over anthropophytes (76 species) in the studied flora. Species of meadow and waterside communities (93 species) predominate among apophytes, whereas in the group of anthropophytes, archaeophytes (59 species) are the most numerous. Analysis of persistence and biological types showed domination of short-lived species over perennials and therophytes over other life forms...

The herbal flora of agrocenoses of the Kałuszyńska Upland includes 137 vascular plant species. Apophytes (91species – 66.4%) prevail over anthropophytes (46 species – 33.6 %). Meadow (32 species), waterside (20 species ) and forest apophytes (17 species) were the most numerous. Short-lived plants (71 species) prevail over perennials (66 species) in the analysed flora. Therophytes (65 species) and hemicryptophytes (48 species) were the dominant life forms. Very rare, rare and quite rare species were the most frequent in the flora of the Kałuszyńska Upland. They build up over 63% of the total number of species. The share of common and very common species was about 8%. Some of them, e.g, Equisetum arvense, Chenopodium album, Viola arvensis, Anthemis arvensis, Centaurea cyanus, Cirsium arvense, Elymus repens Convolvulus arvensis, Capsella bursa-pastoris and Stellaria media were noted with a_high ground cover. The occurrence of species rare in the region and in Poland among recorded medicinal plants, e.g., Camelina microcarpa sp. sylvestris, Hypericum humifusum, Consolida regalis, Asperugo procumbens and Herniaria glabra is especially noteworthy...

Studies on the segetal flora of the Middle Vistula River Valley mesoregion were carried out between 2003 and 2006 in cereal and potato crops and in stubble fields (117 localities). A total of 184 medicinal vascular plant species were noted in the studied agrocenoses. Native plants (68%) dominated over species brought to Poland (32%). Hemicryptophytes (83 spp.), therophytes (74 spp.) and geophytes (26 spp.) were the most numerous groups of life forms. Perennials (55%) prevailed over short-lived plants (45%). Very rare and rare species (61%) built up the most numerous group of species. Their populations usually consisted of single specimens. Only a_few of the medicinal plant species occured as larger populations. They were Aphanes arvensis, Stellaria media and Galium aparine in cereals, Equisetum arvense, Stellaria media, Chenopodium album, Elymus repens, Plantago major, Polygonum amphibium, Mentha arvensis, Plantago intermedia, Polygonum hydropiper and Gypsophila muralis in stubble fields, as well as Stellaria media in potato cultivations...

An important element of epidemiological studies is the understanding of PVY retention, that is to say, the time of the infectious virus remaining in the aphid’s stylet, after it is contracted by the aphid from an infected plant. The purpose of the research was to establish PVY retention in the stylet of Myzus persicae after using mineral oil for potato plant protection...

The presented study analyzed selected biometric characteristics of inflorescences, seed yield structure characters, and discussed cytological analyses concerning two spontaneous inflorescence mutants in alfalfa: top flowering (plants with the “tf”gene) and long peduncle mutants (plants with the “lp” gene). Analyses were conducted in 2005 and 2006 and the results were subjected to a one-way statistical analysis with the use of Tukey’s test...

We present a reliable, visual method for evaluation of the level of male fertility during flowering, that is indispensable for breeding of hybrid cultivars of winter triticale based on the cms-T.timopheevi system. Detailed observations of anther development were performed on 20 F2 and BC1 plants derived from crosses between male-sterile and fertility restoring lines. Variation of anther development within florets, spikelets, spikes, and among spikes of the same plant was examined...

The aim of the work was characterization of morphological diversity and DNA polymorphism of common oat breeding varieties. 25 morphological traits and DNA polymorphism have been examined using AFLP and RAPD methods. It has been found, that identification of oat breeding varieties is possible based on the examined morphological traits...

The purpose of the investigation was to study the effects of variety properties of oat cultivars and environmental conditions on physical traits and chemical composition of grain and flour. Nine oat cultivars had been grown in the experimental plots (stations) located in two experimental stations in Jelenia Góra and Bobrowniki...

The aim of study was to determine genetic similarity among sixteen alfalfa populations using the AFLP technique. Plant material was selected considering the high genotypic variability. It included populations of different origin: native forms of alfalfa (secondary ecotypes), inbred lines, single hybrids, synthetic populations, varieties and mutants...

Seeds of 5 cultivars of spring barley, originated from field experiments conducted in 2000 at Radzików, were tested immediately after harvest and after three, four and five years of storage in uncontrolled conditions, for incidence of seed-borne fungi with special regard to “field fungi” (Bipolaris sorokiniana and Fusarium spp.) and "storage fungi" (species of Penicillium and Aspergillus). The studies showed that barley seeds were infected before storage by numerous fungi as well as the saprophytes: Alternaria alternata, Acremonium spp., Acremoniella atra and the pathogens: Bipolaris sorokiniana and ten Fusarium species. The analysis after storage showed that the frequency of fungal infection had changed. The occurrence of some fungi was significantly affected by the period of storage...

Turfgrass varieties of Festuca rubra ssp. rubra, F.r. ssp. trichophylla, F. nigrescens, F.arundinacea, F.ovina ssp. vulgaris, F.o. ssp duriuscula, Lolium perenne and Poa pratensis as well as mixtures of high and low share of Lolium perenne were tested in low maintenance conditions during 5 years and evaluated for: shoot density, visual merit and for weed infestation. None of tested entries was able to keep initial quality. Only for few of them (mostly varieties of Festuca ovina ssp. duriuscula and F.arundinacea) visual merit after 5 years was still close to the level of minimal user-accepted value (5 in 1-9 scale). The least visual merit values were noted for Poa pratensis and Festuca rubra ssp. rubra...

This study was designed to identify the response of oil and protein content to non-heritable variation of seed size in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). The experiment was conducted at Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences, Gorgan, Iran in 2005. The results showed that germination and emergence increased linearity with seed size and R2 of these relationships were 92 and 89%, respectively. This means that larger seed had higher potential of germination and emergence. Also, there was a strong linear relationship between seed weight and oil content. Seed weight provided a better indication of oil content (R2=0.78) than protein content (R2=0.43). There are no considerable relationship between seed size and protein content of seed...

This study was designed to identify the response of oil and protein content to non-heritable variation of seed size in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). The experiment was conducted at Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences, Gorgan, Iran in 2005. The results showed that germination and emergence increased linearity with seed size and R2 of these relationships were 92 and 89%, respectively. This means that larger seed had higher potential of germination and emergence. Also, there was a strong linear relationship between seed weight and oil content. Seed weight provided a better indication of oil content (R2=0.78) than protein content (R2=0.43). There are no considerable relationship between seed size and protein content of seed...

Detection of Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) and Potato virus Y (PVY) directly in potato tubers has been influenced by several factors. The most important were: the place of tuber sampling, preincubation of tuber sap before loading into wells of microplate and duration of tubers storage after collecting from field. The concentration of both viruses was highest in the heel part of tubers, whenever tested. Preincubation of tuber sap for several hours improved true/false signal ratio for dormant tubers and enabled reliable detection of both viruses. However after natural dormancy breaking it was necessary to change Cocktail-ELISA procedure to obtain reliable results, consistent with DAS-ELISA on leaves. The sap was not preincubated but loaded into wells directly after sample collecting and immuno-enzymatic reaction was developed overnight in refrigerator...

Seeds collected from 10 genotypes of Pisum sativum of both foliage type, inoculated in field by Mycosphaerella pinodes and Phoma pinodella, were evaluated for incidence of fungi responsible for ascochyta blight. Also seed germination and contamination by other fungi were considered. Surface sterilized seeds were plated on Coon agar medium. A sample contains 50 seeds. Data were taken after 8 days of incubation. Frequency of species occurrence depended not only on characters of genotypes, weather conditions during 1998-2001, but on inoculation treatment. Clear response between genotypes to tested factors was noted. Seeds of normal leaved line 344/87/3 and cv. Rubin were the most inhabited by all fungi, and germinated very poorly. Seeds of eight genotypes, including cvs: Kwestor, Agra, Miko, were less infected and better germinated...

BC3-152/53 population of L. multiflorum plants comprising single introgression of F. arundinacea genome was tested for low-temperature tolerance. 13.8% of individuals were more freezing-resistant, whereas 16.25% had higher winter hardiness than control L. multiflorum plants. AFLP analysis were performed resulting in generation of 19 markers linked with freezing resistance, 7 linked with winter hardiness and 2 markers correlated with both traits. It indicates that Festuca introgression could make the impact on Lolium stress resistance...

The aim of the work was characterization of morphological diversity and DNA polymorphism of common oat landraces. 25 Morphological traits and DNA polymorphism have been examined using AFLP methods. It has been found, that identification of oat landraces is possible based on the examined morphological traits. The examined accessions were differentiated by traits important for intraspecific taxonomy of oat: type of panicle, presence of awns, colour of grain, as well as other morphological traits, such as shape of panicle, rigidity of stem leaves, and type of awns. Relationships of morphological traits of leaves, grains, and stem with some DNA fragments suggesting presence of molecular markers of these morphological traits have been found. Morphological similarity of landraces doesn’t correspond to affinity complied with DNA similarity of these objects...

Twenty seven entries (10 cultivars and 17 breeding strains) of smooth-stalked meadowgrass (Poa pratensis L.) were tested during 2002 – 2004 for seed yield and turf quality. Seed yield potential was estimated on the basis of: seed yield per plot, seed yield per panicle, seed heads per 1 m2, panicle length, 1000 seed weight, plant height, leaf width and heading time. Turf quality was estimated on the basis of: visual merit, shoot density, leaf fineness and colour. Tested entries were significantly different for all traits measured. No significant correlations were calculated for seed yield and any from turf quality traits. None of top quality turf varieties (BARCELONA, LIMUSINE and CONNI) yielded as high as the highest yielding entries (BALIN, BARON etc.)...

The historical and contemporary population genotypic structure of pea blight pathogens, A.pinodes and P.pinodella was determined on temporal and spatial scale by using vegetative incompatibility system as phenotypic genetic marker. It has been indicated that since new 1976 VCG genotypes had been introduced into contemporary population in Poland. Significantly genotypic difference was found among old historical subpopulations sampled from different pea cultivars that were grown in three regions of Poland and historical subpopulations sampled from resistance nurseries artificially infested and long – term monocultures of pea. The difference between historical and contemporary populations also was significant indicating the Occurrence of two distinct populations of A.pinodes and P.pinodella during 1975 – 2004 period...

Assessment of the stability of a genotype to different environments is useful for recommending genotypes for known conditions of cultivation and should be a requirement in plant breeding programs. Nonparametric models do not require parametric assumptions and are good alternatives for parametric measurements to genotypes × environments (GE) interaction study.Twelve maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes were tested at eleven locations in for two years (22 environments). The experiments involved a randomized complete block design in which twelve nonparametric procedures were used to analyze genotype stability. Results of nonparametric tests of GE interaction and combined ANOVA showed there were both noncrossover and crossover GE interaction...

Within the years 2002-2004 12 genotypes of oat (Bachmat, Budrys, Bohun, Chwat, Cwał, Deresz, Hetman, Rajtar, Sam, Szakal, STH 5501, STH 5601) were examined to determine their susceptibility to Fusarium crookwellense. The examination was led under field conditions of Zamość region (south - eastern part of Poland),. Both oat grains and soil were inoculated with Fusarium crookwellense nr 47, what caused a reduction in numbers of seedlings - from 24.6% (cv. Bohun) to 52.9% (cv. Sam); plants before harvest - from 11.6 (cv. Bohun) to 68% (cv. Sam)...

Leaf rust caused by fungus Puccinia hordei has great economic importance in many barley growing regions in Europe, North America, Australia and West Asia and North Africa. Bulbous barley grass (Hordeum bulbosum L.), is the only member of the secondary barley genepool. In presented study 6 recombinant lines obtained from backcrosses of barley cultivars (backcrossing parents) and accessions of H. bulbosum were tested with 8 differential isolates of leaf rust. This study showed that resistance to leaf rust is present in 5 from total 6 recombinant lines. Outstanding resistance to leaf rust was identified in line 886Z3/1/10/1/2/1, which showed resistance reaction 0 for inoculation with all isolates used...

The investigation involved treatment of pre-soaked seeds (11h) of a mungbean cutivar, PUSA 9072 with five doses of ethyl methane suphonate (EMS) at 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1% for 4hr under dark. Observation on field grown mutagenized population with regard to 14 agronomic characters evidenced for induction of the variability in the M1 generation itself. The CV values of the traits for mutagenised population were stupendously higher for most of the test characters to the tune of 57% cases as compared to the untreated (control) plants...

The sod strength, rooting depth and turf quality (expressed by shoot density and visual merit) of ten turf grass cultivars were studied during three years under medium intensive turf maintenance. Cultivars of smooth stalked meadow grass (SMG), prostrate meadow grass, tall fescue (TF), red fescue., tufted hairgrass (TH) and perennial ryegrass (PR) were examined. Simple and fast evaluation ‘hand tool’ to determine overall sod strength was used. Seasonal variation of traits for tested cultivars was described. The highest values of sod strength were noted for SMG cultivars and the lowest – for PR, TF and TH cultivars...

Three different types of environmental conditions were used in five years of turf grass evaluation: no.1 – in sun, moderately intensive management with irrigation; no.2 – in park shade, extensively managed but irrigated when necessary; no.3 – in park shade, extensively managed and not irrigated. Visual merit (VM) of following cultivars was scored in 1 – 9 scale: perennial ryegrass Stadion, red fescue Nimba, smooth-stalked meadow grass Conni, tall fescue Asterix, prostrate meadow grass Supranova and tufted hairgrass Brok...

Genotypic correlations and path–coefficients were determined for nine yield-related agronomic traits using 10 accessions of scarlet eggplant. There were significant (p < 0.05) differences among the 10 accessions for all traits and differences were largely due to genetic effects. There was no significant positive correlation of any trait with fruit yield, but number of days to flowering, plant height at flowering and number of days to fruit maturity were significantly (p < 0.05) and negatively correlated with fruit yield. Path-coefficient analyses showed that number of fruits per plant had the highest direct effect on fruit yield, followed by fruit diameter...

Significant progress has recently been made in elucidating the genetics of high molecular weight (HMW) glutenins and how they affect bread-making quality. There are hundreds of genotypes of T. aestivum with different combinations of alleles at loci Glu-A1, Glu-B1 and Glu-D. The combination of alleles has a major effect on bread-making quality. Improving grain quality in T. aestivum is difficult with conventional methods...

Field experiments with artificial inoculation of soil and grain of 12 oat genotypes with Bipolaris sorokiniana isolate No. 36 were carried out in years 2000-2002 in Zamość region (south-eastern part of Poland). In each year the number of 7-weeks seedlings, number of plants and panicles before harvest and kernels yield from the individual plot were calculated...

Leaf rust is economically important disease of barley in many barley growing countries including Poland. A total of 25 winter barley cultivars and breeding lines were tested for leaf rust resistance with eight differential isolates. These isolates originated from IHAR Radzików collection and were chosen according to their virulence spectra. Among 25 cultivars and breeding lines only 7 (28%) showed resistance reaction after inoculation with at least one isolate of P. hordei...

(Hordeum vulgare L.) landraces are grown commonly in Southern Mediterranean region. Leaf rust caused by fungus Puccinia hordei has economic importance in many barley growing regions. There is need for new sources of effective leaf rust resistance. Landraces were proven to be rich source of resistance genes for resistance to major pathogens of barley. A total of 880 landraces collected in 7 countries (Morocco – 320, Algeria – 67, Tunisia – 104, Libya – 159, Egypt – 137, Jordan – 93 and Lebanon - 15) were used...

Leaf rust caused by fungus Puccinia hordei has economic importance in many barley growing regions. Breeders are constantly looking for new effective sources of resistance to this pathogen. Landraces were proven to be rich source of resistance genes for resistance to major pathogens of barley. A total of 240 lines selected from 12 populations of barley landraces collected in Sardinia were tested for leaf rust resistance...

Six recombinant lines obtained from crosses and backcrosses of barley cultivars (backcrossing parents) and accessions of H. bulbosum were tested with 18 differential isolates of Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei. These lines originated from New Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research Limited, Christchurch, New Zealand. Based on screening tests it was concluded that resistance to powdery mildew is present in all tested recombinant lines. Outstanding resistance to powdery mildew was identified in line 81882/83/3/2/9...

A total of 67 barley cultivars and breeding lines were tested for leaf rust resistance were tested with eight differential isolates. These isolates originated from IHAR Radzików collection and were chosen according to their virulence spectra. Among 67 cultivars and breeding lines 41 (61%) showed resistance reaction after inoculation with at least one isolate of leaf rust. In 29 cultivars and breeding lines (43.2%) the presence of specific resistance alleles was postulated.

Undamaged pea seeds of Agra, Wenus, Kwestor, Bursztyn, Rola, Turkus, Set, Kujawski and Ramrod cultivars divided into 3 size fractions were evaluated for physicochemical properties, the rate of fresh weight increments, leachate electroconductivity as well as cooking time. In Kujawski, Turkus, Bursztyn and Ramrod cultivars or in the case of small seeds, the mean fresh weight increments during seed incubation in water were greater, while in Set and in the case of large seeds, the increments were smaller.

Grain mold limits the productivity of food-type Sorghum bicolor by reducing grain yield and quality. The disease is caused by a complex of fungi including Curvularia lunata, Fusarium sp., Alternaria sp. Phoma sp., and Helminthosporium sp. The presence of many fungal species and environmental factors make breeding and selecting for tolerance difficult. It is the goal of many sorghum breeding programs to improve this trait. However, further information on the heritability of the trait is needed...

Experiment was conducted during three years 2003 – 2005. Materials used were three varieties (Bison, Pawnee, Bonilla) of Andropogon gerardii Vitman perennial grass species of C-4 photosynthesis. Agro technical part of experiment was conducted in Botanical Garden  of  PBAI in Bydgoszcz and analytical part – in Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management Economy, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology of University of Technology and Life Sciences in Bydgoszcz...

Experiment was conducted during three years 2003 – 2005. Materials used were three Chemical composition of forage from silver banner grass, Miscanthus sacchariflorus (Maxim.) Hack. was determined in different phases of vegetation. Plants were grown in Botanical Garden of PBAI in Bydgoszcz and analysis were done in Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management Economy, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology of University of Technology and Life Science in Bydgoszcz...