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This communication presents the most important achievements in the field of research issues carried out in the Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Methodology of Breeding, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding of the Branch of the IHAR-PIB in Bydgoszcz. They include: production of doubled haploids, protection of gene resources, evaluation and selection of fungal resistant genres of Cercospora beticola Sacc. and identification of genotypes towards tolerance to drought stress in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) breeding material.

Potato cyst and aggressive cyst are two nematodes forming cysts on the roots of the potato. In Poland and in many other countries they have the status of quarantine organisms. The presence of potato cyst nematodes may cause losses in the tuber yield reaching 50–80%. Methods of fighting cyst nematode can be divided into three groups: agrotechnical, biological and chemical. The obtained results will be the basis for the development of recommendations for farmers, which will improve the elimination of the pest.

During the qualitative breeding of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), the most important stage of obtaining heterotic hybrids, characterized by high yield and good qualitative features, is the selection of diversified parental lines with a large genetic distance. The aim of this study was to assess the variability of selected yielding traits in the population of doubled haploid lines (DH) and two populations of hybrids, produced using the CMS ogura line. Phenotypic observations included analysis of: flowering duration, plant height, number of branches per plant, number of siliques per plant, silique length, number of seeds per silique, thousand seed weight, and oil content in seeds. For the above parameters, the analysis of variance and correlation analysis were performed, considering the groups of genotypes.

The winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is one of the most important oil plants in Poland and world wide. Utilization of heterosis has greatly increased rapeseed fertility of hybrid varieties. The aim of this work was to estimate the heterosis in two populations of winter oilseed rape. The poster presents the heterosis responce occurred in plant height, silique length, number of seeds per silique and the thousand seed weight. In single cross hybrids the heterosis response was calculated over the average parents (DH and CMS line), while in three-way cross hybrids - over the average of two “direct” parents (CMS/DH hybrid and Rfo line) or over the average of three “indirect” parents (DH, CMS and Rfo line). The tested hybrids showed both highly significant positive and negative heterosis in the studied traits.

The mapping population of winter oilseed rape composed of 78 doubled haploid lines obtained from hybrids originating from the intersection of lines differing in germination power was examined. Seed germination power was automatically recorded every 30 minutes using a camera placed in the Raspberry Pi mini computer. The photos were analyzed using software created at the John Innes Center. In the next step, using the whole genome sequencing method (Illumina® HiSeq) of all mapping population lines, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in these lines. This data will be used for genetic mapping and identification of genes regulating the germination process.

Meeting growing demand for grain requires growing high-yielding varieties that are resistant to increasing pressure from stress factors. The depletion of the gene pool of modern cereal varieties resulted in the scientists and breeders being attracted to other potential sources of resistance genes. Old varieties and local populations of cereals are one of the prospective sources of acquiring resistance genes. They are characterized by a large morphological, utilitarian and genetic diversity. The purpose of the presented works was to characterize the possibility of obtaining from local varieties and populations of local, effective and lasting sources of resistance to powdery mildew of real cereals and grasses. Using the phenotypic selection, objects characterized by a sensitivity or resistance reaction to the applied isolating isolates from different regions of the country were selected. In order to describe the differences between the examined lines / strains and the isolates of powdery mildew, statistical analyzes were carried out.

In cereal tissue cultures, one of the most difficult problems to overcome during the production of doubled haploids (DH) is the albinism. It seems that a quite effective way to reduce albinism is to choose the right stress factor in combination with a balanced composition of medium. In the presented work supplementation of nutrients with copper and silver ions (CuSO4, AgNO3) and modulation of cultures time on induction medium for three cereal species: barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and triticale (x Triticosecale spp. Wittmack ex A. Camus 1927) were used. Application of the Taguchi method enabled to limit the number of experiments and to optimize the conditions for tissue cultures, which enhanced of the amount of green regenerants in all analyzed species.

Bioactive substances, which have the ability to modify the physiological and metabolic functions of the body, constitute an area of growing interest in the context of health protection. 45 lines of winter wheat from the 2015 harvest were assessed, the vegetation of which took place in drought conditions in six different locations of plant breeding stations. There was a correlation between the content of soluble arabinoxylans and their molecular weight index and the viscosity of the aqueous extract. The drought stress caused an increase in the length of the soluble arabinoxylan chains.

The aim of the study was to select the optimal method for mutation detection in the Nud gene induced by using the CRISPR / Cas9 technology in barley. Four commonly used genotyping techniques were tested: restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), enzymatic digestion using endonuclease I from T7 bacteriophage, high resolution melting curve of polymerase chain reaction product (HRM-PCR) and molecular probes. Findings in the current study suggest that the most favorable way for detecting mutations induced by the CRISPR / Cas9 technique is a method based on molecular probes. It enables to receive clear and repeatable results but at the same time requires the use of advanced equipment.

The study involved a group of 97 mononuclear pathogen isolates collected from various wheat and triticale cultivars in Poland. The virulence analysis was based on a set of near-isogenic wheat lines that contain single, known Lr resistance genes. It was observed that most isolates from triticale had a virulence against three Lr genes. On the other hand, isolates derived from wheat predominated virulent isolates against other three Lr genes.

Limiting the competitiveness of weeds by mechanical methods (weavers, hand weeding) is a time-consuming and cost-intensive process. Allelopathy mainly refers to chemicals released into the medium that affect the growth of other organisms in the immediate environment. One of the plants with the strongest allelopathic potential is sorghum, belonging to the family of paniculate. The aim of the research was to determine the allelopathic potential of selected sorghum forms (varieties) and the usefulness of sorghum extract as a bioherbicide in reducing weed infestation in organic cereals (maize, wheat, triticale) in our climatic conditions.

Research to determine the genetic determinant of mildew resistance to four spring barley lines has been presented. The examined lines showed a different reaction profile for the isolates used, which indicates the presence of new unknown resistance genes. It has been shown that local varieties of barley are a potential source of effective immunity.

The aim of the work was to show the differences between racial-specific and racist-non-specific resistance, in order to assess the field resistance of the tested breeding line to be supplemented with data indicating the type of immunity. The material for testing was wheat susceptible of the Thatcher variety (Tc) and 5 isogenic lines with genes conditioning a specific, known type of immunity. Infection types in seedlings and adult plants were assessed. Based on the observed differences, the initial selection of plants with APR-type racially-nonspecific immunity can be made.

Sorghum after wheat, corn, rice and barley ranks fifth in terms of cereal area in the world. Sorghum in the initial phase is characterized by slow growth, which means that for some time the inter-glands remain uncovered and, as a consequence, creates appropriate conditions for rapid growth and development of weeds. The aim of the research was to evaluate the effectiveness and selectivity of selected herbicides used in sorghum cultivation in Wielkopolska.

The work presents the breeding activity of DANKO Hodowla Roślin Sp. z o. o. The scope of work was indicated as well as opportunities to establish cooperation with science. Methods and techniques used by the company in breeding are presented.

Summaries of the most important achievements concerning the cytogenetic and molecular characteristics of the selected pool of Chinese, sugar and giant Miscanthus genotypes obtained in the Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Methods of Breeding, Plant Genetics and Plant Breeding, Division IHAR-PIB in Bydgoszcz.

In accordance with European Union legislation, genetically modified plants must be evaluated for safety in terms of human health, animal health and the environment before being placed on the market. The only GM plant authorized for cultivation in the European Union is MON810 maize. It contains the cry1Ab gene from soil bacteria Bacillus thuringensis, which determines the expression of the Cry1Ab protein. Corn is often grown in monoculture, so there is a risk of accumulation of Cry1Ab protein in the soil as a result of many years of cultivation.

The research was aimed at characterizing the chemical composition of husked and decorticated grains, as well as assessing the impact of growing conditions on the physicochemical characteristics of oat varieties. The research material was husked and hulled grain of 22 oat varieties, as well as 3 varieties of naked forms, from the HR Strzelce collection. In the material, the share of hulls, minerals, protein, total lipids, oligosugars, calorific value, digestible starch, non-starch polysaccharides divided into soluble and insoluble fraction, β-glucan and Klason lignin were determined.

The study assessed response of spring wheat to two different intensity levels in crop production technology. The experiment was conducted from 2013 to 2015 in the fields of the Research Facility for Cultivar Assessment in Skołoszów. The obtained test results showed that the intense level of production technology resulted in an increase in wheat grain yield by 1,6 t·ha-1, compared to the yield obtained in medium-intensity technology. The increase in grain yield of wheat cultivated according to the intensive technology in relation to medium-intensity technology resulted from a larger number of ears per surface unit. Varieties of spring wheat differed in the level of yield and the value of the components of the crop. The highest grain yield was given to KWS Torridon and the smallest to Izera. The Izera, KWS Torridon and Tybalt variety obtained the largest spike casting on the surface unit, while the Parabola variety obtained the largest mass of 1000 grains, and the largest number of grains per ear was KWS Torridon.

The research was carried out in 2014–2016 in two sites in Poland: Experimental Station IUNG in Osiny on the heavier soil and in the Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute in Jadwisin on the lighter soil. Potatoes were grown in both locations in two production systems, i.e. organic and integrated. The studies evaluated 6 potato cultivars belonging to two groups of earliness: early and mid early. The aboveground mass was determined in the fullness of plant development, and the crop yield during the harvest. The harvest index — HI was defined as the share of tuber mass in the total above and underground mass. It was found that the harvest index yield factor of potato plants was the most influenced by the varietal factor. The production system and soil and climatic conditions did not affect the size of this indicator. The range of this indicator was wide and ranged from 50 to 83%, which means that under favorable conditions up to 83% of assimilates can be located in tubers.