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In the field conditions crosses were carried out between Aegilops biuncialis Vis., Ae. columnaris Zhuk., Ae. cylindrica Host., Ae. triaristata Willd. 4x, Ae. variabilis (peregrina) Eig, Ae. crassa Boiss. 6x and Triticum aestivum L. (cvs. Begra, Legenda, Rusałka, Zyta). The aim of the crosses was to broaden genetic diversity of common wheat. The 18-day-old F1 hybrid embryos isolated from kernels were grown in vitro on the MS nutrient medium supplemented with 10 mg dcm-3 IAA (ß-indolyl-3-acetic acid) and 0.04 mg dcm-3 kinetin. After 4 weeks hybrids plants, which developed from isolated embryos, were transferred into pots. Next, in half of September they were planted in experimental field...

Material for the study comprised of grain of 19 breeding lines of spring malting barley and three standard varieties: Blask, Conchita, Suweren, grown in 2011, in preliminary field trials located at Bąków, Nagradowice and Radzików. The malting quality was estimated on the basis of the following parameters: 1000 kernel weight, grain plumpness, content of total and soluble malt protein, Kolbach index, malt friability, extractability, worth viscosity, diastatic power, content of β-glucan, final fermentation degree. For all these parameters coefficients of variation (CV%) and correlations were estimated. Moreover, for total malt protein, extractability, worth viscosity and β-glucan content, two-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s test were carried out...

The aim of this study was to evaluate germination capacity after seed treatment with three formulations containing effective microorganisms: EM-Farming, Ema Plus, ISD. The experimental material were the seeds of spring wheat, barley, oats, phacelia, serradella, yellow lupine and blue lupine from organic farming. Germination capacity was evaluated in accordance with the ISTA Rules (2010). Seed treatment with effective microorganisms had no effect on germination capacity of wheat and barley. Only for one variety of oat, (Polar), from four tested, germination capacity was improved after seed treatment, but the difference was not statistically significant...

The aim of the study was to determine Fusarium head blight resistance of spring type genotypes from the genera Triticum, Avena and Hordeum, and to determine the content of Fusarium mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol — DON and its derivatives) in grain. Head and kernel infection of barley was low and amounted 7.3% and 8.3%, respectively. However, barley accumulated 1.23 ppm of DON in grain. As for oat varieties, 26.5% of panicles showed FHB symptoms. Fusarium kernel damage was low and amounted 6.0%. Oat accumulated low amounts of DON in grain (0.44 ppm)...

In the year 1999, a reclamation aiming at the reduction of wind erosion was performed on the furnace waste heap in Sowlany with a surface area of 5.5 ha. The biological reclamation followed technical works —forming of escarpments and terraces and the fertilization using communal sewage sludge in the amount of 1500 t•ha-1. In June 1999 the surface of the slag heap was sown with fodder grasses, papilionaceous crops and mustard. The experiment with 29 species of the grasses from the collection of IHAR Botanical Garden in Bydgoszcz was created and the terraces were sown with bushes and trees. During the following years the observations of the plants’ development and the examination of chemical composition of substrate and plant material were done. After 12 years, that passed since the reclamation of the slag heap, the main goal — the inhibition of wind erosion of ashes — was achieved...

We present here the results of the field experiments set up on microplots in 2008 at Jadwisin Division of Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute. The aim of this study was to assess impact of irrigation on symptomatic and latent ring rot infection of potato progeny tubers. Seed potatoes were inoculated with bacterial suspension of two different concentrations of Cms cells: 106 cfu/ml and 108 cfu/ml. The most progeny tubers with symptoms of ring rot (1.96%) were found in non-irrigated combination. The share of samples with Cms cells detected using IF test for non-irrigated objects was 76.5%, while for irrigated objects was 89.2%. The latent infection was most intensive in progeny tubers derived from irrigated objects when seed tubers were inoculated with bacterial suspension of concentrations Cms of 108 cfu/ml...

The paper presents the basic principles and practical applications in agricultural sciences of exploratory factor analysis, EFA. We described the numerical issues related to conducting the necessary calculations. Presented examples demonstrated how to interpret the results of EFA and examples of its use in agricultural research...

In this work, based on production data, four main factors were identified responsible for profitability of winter wheat cultivation. A detailed analysis of structure of these factors was performed and trends of changes in the factors’ values in the years of study were assayed. Additionally, changes in the costs factors were analyzed which occurred during this period. The changes in efficiency of winter wheat production technology and efficiency of selection of varieties were also examined...

In this paper an analysis of genotypic diversity for 8 quantitative agronomic traits in 1971 accessions belonging to the Polish orchardgrass germplasm collection was presented. Evaluation of diversity in the accessions was performed in four steps. In the first step a preliminary analysis of variation was done separately for each trait using descriptive statistics. Then, principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster UPGMA analysis (CA) were used on standardized data for the studied traits. Also, canonical discriminate analysis (CDA) was done to assess discriminating value of the traits to distinguish clusters delivered by CA. Plant height and total seasonal yield were most variable traits among all the traits. The first three principal components explained above 69% of the total variation within the accessions in the collection for the 8 traits...

A core collection is a sample of an entire crop germplasm collection, selected to adequately represent, with a minimum of redundancies, the genetic diversity in the entire collection. The purpose of forming plant core collections is generally to reduce the entire collection to a manageable size that facilitates easier systematic and rigorous characterization and evaluation of the genetic diversity in that collection for numerous phenotypic descriptors and for molecular attributes. These activities have the key importance for effective maintaining, managing and sustainable utilization of plant genetic resources for research and crop breeding programs. Many methods have been developed to construct core collections from the entire collections...

Series of cultivar trials are a key issue in agricultural experimentation. They represent a specific case of two-factorial experiments, where cultivars are one factor and locations are the other one. Multivariate statistical models like AMMI, GGE or JREG are used to describe type of interaction between the factors. The paper is aimed at showing possibilities of application of some statistical models, with particular emphasis put on the AMMI model. Additionally, supplementary cluster analysis is presented. The described statistical methods are a suitable tool in analysis of response of crop cultivars to environmental conditions, based on data from series of trials...

The aim of the paper is adequate modification and presenting a statistical methodology to assess patterns of cultivar adaptive response to agricultural environments (agro-ecosystems) on the basis of complete Genotype × Crop Management × Location (G×M×L) data obtained from yearly multi-location two-factor trials conducted in a net of post-registration trials (PDOiR), empirical illustration of using and usefulness of this methodology applied to winter wheat grain yield. This statistical technique consists of three procedures, i.e. three-way ANOVA based on a fixed model, AMMI procedure for genotype x location interaction modeling and cluster analysis for classification of cultivar adaptive response described by AMMI-modeled (adjusted) genotype × location means calculated across two crop management intensities...

The paper is a review of the publications on using the diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid species of the genus Triticum L. in improvement of wheat varieties Triticum aestivum L. The sources of profitable characters and introgressions of 87 alien genes in the varieties of common wheat are presented together with their chromosome localization. The A, B and D genomes of wheat T. aestivum L. were improved by 36, 35 and 11 alien genes , respectively, which mostly affected resistance to the pathogens of wheat. Majority of the introgressed genes (23) determined the resistance to powdery mildew Erysiphe graminis DC. f.sp. tritici Em.(syn. Blumeria graminis (DC.) E.O. Speer f.sp. tritici Em.), 16 genes determined the resistance to leaf/brown rust Puccinia recondita Rob. ex Desm. f. sp. tritici, 13 genes — the resistance to stem /black rust Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks and E. Henn, 10 genes were responsible for the resistance to yellow/stripe rust Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici Westend, and 3 genes determined the resistance to the blotch of spike caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe. (Gibberella zeae (Schw.) Petch). Also, 12 genes of the resistance to hessian fly Mayetiola destructor Say (syn. Phytophaga destructor Say) (Diptera:Cecidomyiidae) and 7 quality genes, as high protein content and high content of Zn, Fe, Mn in grain were introgressed to T. aestivum L. These genes were transferred from the following species: T. monococcum L., T. boeoticum Boiss., T. urartu Tum., T. tauschii (Coss.) Schmal., T. speltoides Taush., T. carthlicum Nevski, T. dicoccoides Schweinf., T. turgidum L., T. macha Dek., T. ventricosa Taush., T. dicoccoides Schweinf., T. durum Desf., T. timopheevii Zhuk., T. comosa Sibth et Sm., and T. spelta L. In the paper, the original names of the species, genes, diseases and pathogenes were used, as encountered in the source papers...

The influence of chemical plant protection on properties of grain and flour was determined in winter durum wheat (T. durum L.) cv. Komnata. The field experiment was carried out in the years 2005–2008 at the Agriculture Experimental Station in Pawłowice, in vicinity of Wrocław, Poland, on lessive soil developed from silty clay, after winter oilseed rape forecrop. The 16.5 m2 plots were arranged in randomized replicate blocks.In the experiment three ways of chemical plant protection were applied together with the control, without chemical plant protection. Physical and milling properties of the obtained grain and milling properties and quality features of flour were estimated according to the current methodology used in hard wheat technology. The results show greater influence of weather conditions than that of chemical plant protection on the grain and flour features. The best grain was harvested in 2006 when, during maturation, the lowest rainfall was recorded (12 mm) and temperature was higher, about 5°C in comparison to means from the years 1976–2005. The value of Sielinianov coefficient for this period was only 0.16. The best grain, excluding particle size index, was obtained from plants cultivated from the treated seed and twice sprayed with fungicides. Influence of the estimated factor on milling properties, excluding break flour and middling extraction, was not important. Chemical plant protection decreased considerably only flowingness of gluten...

In the years 2008–2010 a precise field experiment was carried out aimed at defining the reaction of spring wheat to leaf feeding. It was stated that the used fertilizers: urea and Microcomplex and the mixture of urea and Microcomplex did not modify considerably the number of grains per ear and weight of thousand grains. However, the yield of grain being leaf fed was higher in comparison with the control and the significant difference concerned only the combined application of urea with Microcomplex. Grain uniformity and plumpness amounted, on average, to 85% and were not considerably differentiated by the examined factor. The highest amount of total protein was recorded in grain fed with nitrogen and it was 14.6%...

The aim of this study was to estimate the influence of leaf septoria (Stagonospora nodorum) and leaf rust (Puccinia triticina) on yield of winter wheat in different conditions of cultivation. The precise field experiments with 49 objects of winter wheat were conducted in three locations: Grodkowice, Bąków and Smolice located in different environments. Variability and genetic determination (heritability) have been examined for degrees of infestation with leaf septoria, leaf rust and for grain yield. The genotypic and the phenotypic correlations have been estimated between leaf septoria, leaf rust and grain yield. Multivariate analysis revealed a significant effect of locality (environmental factor), severity of the S. nodorum and  P. triticina infestations and some interactions between these factors on the yield of winter wheat...

Single seed descent technique (SSD) is frequently used in cereal breeding to obtain homozygous lines. It is a modified method of classical ramsh (bulk) and it is based on  random choice of one seed from each individual plant in each generation (number of individuals is dependent on assumed number of lines to obtain), starting from F2 hybrids. In F5 or later generation all seeds from each plant are harvested and progeny of a single plant is treated as a SSD line. In the present paper a modification of this technique is presented, which combines the procedure with in vitro culture of immature embryos. The modified SSD technique allows elimination of seed dormancy and acceleration of the breeding process. It was shown that the use of proposed technique in early stages of winter barley breeding permits to accelerate breeding cycle by 2-3 years...

Variability of agronomic traits was determined in spring barley accessions regenerated and evaluated in the Gene Bank of IHAR — PIB Radzików in the years 2008–2010. The work is continuation of the earlier study. The following observations and measurements were completed: earliness of heading ( no of days from 1 January to heading ), resistance to main diseases and lodging (in 1–9 scale), plant height, length and weight of spike, number of kernels per spike, 1000 kernels weight. High variation of the agronomic traits was stated among the tested varieties of spring barley. It allowed to separate genotypes with convenient agronomic traits and to include them into breeding programs...

Intensive chemical protection of the crops against diseases and pests is expensive, harmful for the environment and raises growing consumers’ concerns. Obtaining high yield of a good quality with limited pesticide use would be possible, if plant varieties, apart from possessing good agricultural traits, were resistant. It is important that resistance should be effective and durable against wide spectrum of different races/pathotypes or different pathogen and pest species. In this work examples of improvement to resistance in a few varieties of cultivated plants by pyramiding R genes and quantitative resistance loci for resistance (QTL) are presented...

Plants, like animals, have developed multi-layered defense mechanisms that make them resistant to pests and pathogens. Innate basal defense response do not always provide a sufficient level of resistance to pathogens that use a wide range of adaptive mechanisms. Another type of resistance is that conferred by the major resistance genes — R genes. Proteins coded by those genes act as receptors that interact with the corresponding products of avirulence genes of the pathogens. They trigger then signal transduction pathway that leads to hypersensitive reaction, thus preventing the spreading of infection. Due to the high adaptability of pathogens, scientists are forced to search for new resistance genes in wild species of plants that would provide more durable resistance in crops. Despite the fact that the large number of R genes has been identified and cloned up to date, the expression surveys were performed only on a few of them. The R genes have structural similarities but often show different pattern of expression under the influence of biotic and abiotic factors. Most of the R genes are constitutively expressed, but there are also cases of enhancing or inducing the expression as a result of interaction with the pathogen. Molecular research including gene expression issue may have an application aspect in the near future in selection of plants for resistance breeding programs, as was demonstrated in the some experiments. The objective of this review is to pool the information obtained from previous studies on gene expression of plant resistance genes to pathogens...

The presented results were obtained from field experiment conducted in years 2002–2004 in Agricultural Experimental Station in Zawady. We tested: I factor — two tillage systems (traditional and simplified), II factor — seven weed control methods. The aim of the study was to assess the effects of these two factors on effectiveness of destruction of the weed air-dry mass  as well as on the phytotoxic activity of herbicides applied in the potato cultivation. Degree of destruction of the weed air-dry mass evaluated both in the beginning of vegetation and before the harvest of potato tubers was significantly influenced by experimental factors. Before potato row closing, the air reduction of weed dry mass was on average 66.1% more effective in plots with simplified tillage. The herbicide mixtures: Plateen 41.5 WG with Fusilade Forte 150 EC as well as Plateen 41.5 WG with Fusilade Forte 150 EC and an addition of the adjuvant Atpolan 80 EC were most effective in air destruction of the weed dry mass, both before row closing and before harvest of the potato tubers. Weed reduction reached 80.3 % and 61.9 %, respectively. The weed control methods caused significant damage of potato plants (tab. 4). The largest damages were observed in object where the Barox 460 SL + Fusilade Forte 150 EC mixture of herbicides was applied. The average damages were scored as 4.2 according to 1-9 EWRC scale. Yet, the damages were transient, which indicates the selectivity of applied herbicides in regard to cultivated plant...

The evaluation of profitability of weeding methods was performed on the basis of field experiment carried out in 2005–2007 at the Zawady Experimental Station. Experimental variants included four weed control methods: one mechanical and three combinations of mechanical and chemical treatments with the use of herbicides Plateen 41,5 WG, Racer 250 EC and Sencor 70 WG. The method based on the standard gross margin (SGM) was used for the economic evaluation of the weed control methods. The aim of the research was to compare the profitability of various methods of weeding of potato. The value of the obtained potato yield varied from 5657.5 to 11593.5 PLN•ha-1 and the standard gross margin ranged from 100.1 to 5709.0 PLN. The highest yield of potato tubers and the highest level of gross margin were recorded from treatment in which weeds were controlled with a herbicide Sencor 70 WG...

The aim of field experiment conducted in the years 2006–2009 was to assess glycoalkaloids content in tubers of new potato cultivars (very early — Impala, Miłek, Velox, early — Augusta, Ewelina, Nora, Oman, mid-early — Elanda, Marlen, Meridian, mid-late — Roko, late — Medea, Kuras, Pokusa) taking into consideration climate conditions in vegetation season. The investigations were carried out on the light soil fertilized organically with straw and aftercrop of white mustard. Mineral fertilization was applied in the doses of 100 kg N∙ha-1; 39,2 kg P∙ha-1; 99,6 kg K∙ha-1. The glycoalkaloids (cTGA) content was determined according to Bergers colorimetric method. It was found that the glycoalkaloids content in potato tubers was diversified stronger by genetic factor-cultivars (50%) than by environment factor-climate conditions in the years (27%). The content of glycoalkaloids varied from 29 mg•kg-1 for cultivar Impala to 134 mg•kg-1for cultivar Kuras. The highest glycoalkaloids content in tubers was detected in year 2007 with high quantity of rainfall and low air temperature...

The aim of the study was to assess the storage losses and dates of first sprouting of  new potato cultivars (Benek, Bellarosa, Ewelina, Meridian, Miłek, Owacja) in different storage temperatures: 3°C, 5°C, 8°C.. Influence of weather factors in vegetation period on date of first sprouting and on storage losses was also evaluated. After six months of storage, natural losses, losses caused by diseases, date of first sprouting and the weight of sprouts were estimated. The average natural losses for cultivars kept in temperature 3°C, and 5°C were on the same level (6.1% and 6.4%). In higher temperature (8°C), natural storage losses (7.2%) were significantly higher than in temperatures of 3°C and 5°C. The average potato losses caused by diseases amounted from 0.2% to 1.23%, only cultivar Benek had more losses than 1.0%. The date of first sprouting depended on cultivar, storage temperature and vegetation conditions. The sprouting of potatoes stored in temperature 8°C depended on cultivars and began from 1st decade of December (Meridian) till 1st decade of February (Bellarosa). Potato storage in 3°C caused delay of the sprouting of about 7 decades in relation to storage in 8°C. Vegetation conditions had an influence on term of sprouting, natural losses and diseases during storage...

In this study, stability of resistance to Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary was tested for 22 potato cultivars. The genotype by environment interaction (G × E) was analysed using mixed model of analysis of variance. The potato cultivars were tested in Southeastern part of Poland over four years. Tested cultivars differed in level of resistance and came from various countries: Poland, Russia, Germany, Netherlands and Hungary. Seven of them (Alpha, Bintje, Gloria, Escort, Eersteling, Robijn, Sarpo Mira) form a group of Eucablight standard cultivars (www.eucablight.org). The analysis of variance of rAUDPC values for 22 cultivars in four environments indicated significant (at P

The article presents the possibility of using eight measures of genetic similarity in analysis of binary data which are a mathematical image of the electrophoresis gels obtained in molecular studies. We characterized similarity measures: simple matching (Gower), Jaccard, Nei and Li (Dice), Hamann, Ochiai, Yule Y coefficient, Yule Q coefficient and zero-one equivalent of the Pearson correlation coefficient (phi 4-point correlation). Then, the example of a comparative analysis of 14 varieties of carrots (Daucus carota L.) presents the use of these measures in a multivariate analysis — UPGMA cluster analysis and principal coordinates analysis PCoA. The results of the analysis and the differences between them were presented and discussed. The similarity measures for the molecular data existing in the literature were compared in terms of results compliance obtained from statistical analyses...

Analysis of potential heavy metal pollution of cultivated areas near A2 highway was undertaken in 2009. Eleven localities were selected and soil samples (depth 0–20 cm, distance from road 25, 50, 75 m) were taken close to oldest highway parts (opened 2002 and 2004). Estimated levels of lead, cadmium and chrome were not related to the distance from the road and were below legally accepted amounts. Amount of lead ranged from 5.5 to 15.2 mg•kg-1 (accepted level - 100 mg•kg-1), amount of cadmium ranged from 0.04 to 0.22 (accepted — 4.0 mg•kg-1), and amount of chromium from 4.10 to 18.2 (accepted — 150.0 mg•kg-1). Contents of cadmium and chrome were related to soil electro conductivity, and therefore these metals probably originated from fertilizers...

The effect of smooth stalked meadow grass (Poa pratensis L.) variety on the quality of turf mixtures sown in shade was evaluated in years 2007–2010. Six P. pratensis objects were used. They were divided into two groups on the basis of  previously recognized different turf quality in shade: objects of above-mean quality (group I) and of below-mean quality (group II). Red fescue Rapsodia and perennial ryegrass Aut were used as the remaining components in mixtures. No significant effect of the quality of P. pratensis cultivars on the quality of mixture were found. Turf quality of P. pratensis cultivars was significant only at the initial stage of sward vegetation. Along with changes in turf quality over time, differences between tested objects (cultivars & mixtures) were reduced by the effects of light deficit, disease incidence etc...

The problem of modern agriculture is the gradual adjustment to ecological system of plant production, introduction of new species with medical, antimicrobial and allelopathic properties as well as positively affecting the environment and other plants. This is a necessary condition to protect the environment and human health. Among the many species of introduced plants with promedical properties, garden rocket (Eruca sativa) becomes more and more popular in our country. It is a world-known and widely distributed as a species with a high content of bioactive components and wide possibilities of usage. The aim of this study was to develop the ecological method of garden rocket production and to improve the quality of seeds. The study was conducted in the field in Research Institute of Horticulture in Skierniewice in 2009–2011. Seed, foliar and soil application were used with various compounds of different mechanisms of action. Their effectiveness and impact on the ontogeny of plants, physiological processes, health status and yield of obtained seeds were evaluated. It was shown that presowing bioconditioning of seeds with Nano Gro and foliar application of Tytanit used every 14 days from the stage of leaf rosette to the beginning of seeds setting resulted in an increase of plant resistance to diseases and adverse climatic conditions, induction of metabolic processes and improvement of plant vigour...

The aim of the research was to present the issues associated with prophylaxis methods for reducing the damages made by wild animals in crops. The prophylaxis should be applied by tenants or managers of hunting circles in cooperation with potential victims of crop damages. Considering the technical aspects of the prophylaxis procedures, three method groups can be distinguished: ecological, mechanical, and chemical. The group of ecological methods leads to a proper adaptation of the number and population structure of animals to the trophic capabilities of their habitats, as well as it includes all activities improving the feeding conditions. Within two other groups of methods, the main principle of the prophylaxis depends on limiting the animals’ access to potentially endangered crops. These methods involve different types of fences or so-called “repellents” that are supposed to efficiently repel, hence making impossible for animals to feed in crops. All above prophylaxis activities are effective if they are carried out on time and in some cases (mainly for mechanical methods) scrupulously and under monitoring...

The study aimed at evaluating the damages in crops of forest hunting zone localized in north-western part of Lublin Upland during past 8 hunting seasons. The evaluation also included the population dynamics of wild boars that are the main doers of damages as well as the level of hunting exploitation of the animal species. An increase of damages in crops — in respect both to quantities and surface — occurred during the evaluated period. Wild boars were the only perpetrators of damages. Differentiation of damages within vegetation season indicates their close association with agrotechnical dates related to plant sowing or planting, thus appearance of particular crops on fields, as well as their ripening and harvest times. Specific index of the wild boar’s feeding preferences within studied area points out that green lands and maize were the most, while potatoes were the least preferable crops. Despite of the intensified hunting pressure, a dynamic increase of wild boar population occurred during the investigated period. These results indicate that the reproduction potential of the animal species considerably increased, whereas the population gain was at the level of 150-200% of its spring status. Such gain index in combination with the crop damages should be taken into considerations at planning the hunting intensity for the species...

RP-HPLC is an efficient tool for wheat storage proteins separation. Its extensive utilization in plant breeding is limited, however, by heavy expenses of apparatus, equipment and reagents. Recently a new type of chromatographic columns was introduced where stationary phase is based on the superficially porous silca (so called Fused-Core Particles). The main advantage of the Fused-Core stationary phase is a high increase of separation power (theoretical plates) which enables shortening of the separation time (up to few minutes) and consequently the reduction of the analysis costs. The aim of this study was a comparative evaluation of the accuracy and efficacy of the Fused-Core C18 column with a classic C18 column in the separation of wheat gliadins — one of the most complex and polymorphic plant proteins. Closely related winter wheat hybrid lines, differentiated in respect of gliadin controlling alleles, were analysed. Gentypes containing gliadin null alleles and corresponding control lines as well as parental forms and their progenies were compared using Fused-Core Poroshell 300SB-C18 and traditional Zorbax 300SB-C18 columns. The obtained results proved that RP-HPLC separation on the Poroshell column are indeed very fast and economical as the high quality chromatograms were obtained after 8 minutes of separation. However, their resolution was considerably lower as compared to the traditional column. In conclusion, the rapid PR-HPLC appears to be very well suited for mass selection of breeding materials, where large number of genotypes must be evaluated in a very short time period. However in a genetic research, where identification of discrete details of the chromatograms could be important for genotype classification, traditional columns seem to be more useful...

The paper presents achievements in use of wild/related species in breeding of plants with application of generative interspecific and intergeneric hybridization, particularly focused on cereals. Biodiversity of species, methodology of production of F1 — bridge hybrids and identification of the hybrids, their stability, transfer of the genes and the end-effects are presented. The recent progress is outlined in improvement of cultivated plants with the use of introgressions of alien genes influencing response to biotic and abiotic stress, yield level and its quality, use of heterosis in plant production. Further directions in modern breeding of new cultivars are postulated. Original taxonomic nomenclature, applied in the original publications, has been used for the plant species, genes, diseases and pathogens...

Based on the results of surveys of farms, changes of winter wheat yielding in the conditions of commercial production were shown. The main factors affecting the size of obtained yields are presented. Chemical protection against diseases, nitrogen fertilization and soil quality allocated under cultivation are the main agronomic technology factors determining the yield of winter wheat. Biological progress, namely new varieties and certified seed are also among the main factors of yield increase. Realizing the potential of yield was better than national average, but still was unsatisfactory. There is a steady increase of fertilization and chemical protection intensity and growing share of winter wheat sown area makes it is also cultivated on worse stands previously used to rye cultivation...

Based on the results of surveys of farms, changes of winter wheat yielding in the conditions of commercial production were shown. The main factors affecting the size of obtained yields are presented. Chemical protection against diseases, nitrogen fertilization and soil quality allocated under cultivation are the main agronomic technology factors determining the yield of winter wheat. The factors that determine the practical use of biological progress and the differences between regions are also presented...

The main aim of the Post-Registration Variety Testing System is facilitating choice of the most valuable varieties adapted to at the local soil and weather conditions. The purpose of the study was estimation of winter wheat yielding stability in Poland. Field experiments were conducted at 12 locations of different soil and weather conditions. The experiments were carried out during three vegetation seasons using 23 winter wheat varieties. The reaction of winter wheat cultivars to different environment conditions was determined. The genotype × environment interaction for chosen winter wheat varieties yield was calculated. Additionally, the estimation of main effects, their interactions with years, places and environments (environments as combinations of years and locations) was performed. No stable yielding cultivar was recorded on two levels of cultivation intensity. Each of the tested genotypes showed significant interaction with climate and soil environment. Trend and Bogatka proved to be the highest yielding cultivars on both levels of cultivation technology...

In this paper three new concepts of cultivar’s wide adaptation degree in I, II and III sense, respectively were presented. It was recognized that cultivar’s wide adaptation degree in any considered sense can be measured using some statistical indices (measures) called quantitative measures of cultivar’s wide adaptation degree in I, II and III sense. To do this, adequate quantitative measures like superiority measure, Pi, Eskridge’s yield reliability measure, Ri and Eskridge’s yield reliability function, Ri(d) were selected. A hypothesis was formulated that the three measures of cultivar’s wide adaptation degree can evaluate consistently, in order sense, wide adaptation degree of the tested cultivars although it is described by each of them in a specific way. The hypothesis was tested using the data for grain yield of winter wheat from 15 of preliminary yield trials carried out across the years 1993–2007. As a result of the empirical studies good agreements were proved (high Spearman rank correlation coefficients) between each of pairs of quantitative measures of cultivar’s wide adaptation degree in I, II and III sense within all sets of cultivars. Then, one may conclude that in evaluating wheat cultivar’s wide adaptation degree only one of the considered measures could be sufficient. The conducted studies, as based on winter wheat grain yield data delivered new results regarding the investigated crop species. However, the conclusions also deliver important primary viewing on usefulness of the measures for evaluating adaptation degree of cultivars in other crops...

Wheat grain quality depends on several traits, among which grain hardness is considered as a very important. Results of many research indicate that grain hardness is connected with flour yield and with the main indices of technological properties, such as flour water absorption, sedimentation value and final loaf volume. The paper presents results of experiment, in which 106 advanced Polish breeding lines of winter wheat were analysed in regard to grain hardness and technological properties. These lines along with standard cultivars Bogatka and Muszelka were observed in field experiments conducted in two localities. 600-g samples of whole grains were analysed with the use of NIR System Infratec 1241 Analyzer (Foss, Hillerod, Denmark). Relative grain hardness, protein content, wet gluten, Zeleny sedimentation value and alveograph parameter were recorded. The obtained data were statistically processed by multivariate analysis of variance and related methods. Besides, a theoretical line characterized by the most advantageous values of analysed traits was created and the contrasts between that line and the studied breeding lines were estimated and tested in regard to all traits treated simultaneously and individually. Applied methods permitted to identify breeding lines similar to theoretical line in terms of all analysed parameters. Proposed statistical approach may be helpful in selection of wheat genotypes with improved grain quality...

The aim of the study was to analyze variability of selected technological properties in winter wheat hybrids of diverse allele composition in Glu-1 loci in connections with genetic similarity of parental cultivars evaluated by molecular markers. Material for the study included 18 winter wheat cultivars and their 76 F2 hybrids obtained after crossing in a line x tester scheme. Protein content and rheological dough parameters, evaluated using the Brabender farinograph, were determined in parents and hybrids. Additionally, parental cultivars were analyzed in regard to the composition of high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin subunits and polymorphism of microsatellite markers (SSR), on the basis of which genetic distances between them were evaluated. Hybrid families were divided into groups with the same composition of HMW glutenins and afterwards these groups were compared in terms of rheological parameters. Phenotypic variability between family groups was estimated and multivariate evaluation of these groups was performed. It was found that hybrid families belonging to the same group, i.e. with the same HMW composition, differed in dough properties. No relationship was ascertained between genetic distances of parental cultivars of hybrid families belonging to groups of the same HMW composition and phenotypic similarity of hybrids within these groups...

The research was aimed at estimation of the variability of selected winter wheat cultivars and at assessment of their yield stability in particular experimental locations within two voivodeships: Opolskie and Śląskie. The analysis of yield stability in winter wheat cultivars was performed based on the results of post-registration variety testing trials carried out in the voivodeships mentioned. The study covered seven selected locations characterized by diverse soil conditions. The experiments had been set up in two replications by the method of split-block design, the standard tillage mode compared with the intensive variant. To estimate the variability of yielding of the analyzed wheat cultivars at particular locations, multidimensional methods of statistical analysis for repeated experiments were applied. High yields as well as level of adaptation degree found for Boomer and Rapsodia indicate that these particular cultivars should be recommended for growing in the standard tillage mode. On the other hand, cultivars Finezja and Tonacja displayed low and uneven yielding values in both cultivation systems. The genotype-environment interaction revealed that the choice of cultivars for growing in the territories of the voivodeships of Opole and Silesia should depend on the environmental microvariability, which is determined by the edaphic and climatic conditions prevailing at a given site...