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To illustrate the proposed in this paper method of a statistical analysis of non-orthogonal data with nested and crossed treatment structures, some results from a complete factorial experiment with lupine were used. The observations have been collected keeping up relations occurring in the original experiment. It means that our conclusions should be treated only in terms of the methodology of a design and analysis of this type of data. The experiment has been designed to test the effects of dates of sowing (A) and spacing (C) on the yield of some lupine varieties (B)...

Chemical composition and usefulness for ensiling of the chosen forms of species Silphium perfoliatum were determined in different stages of vegetation. Forage fermentation coefficient of the species forms: I, II and III during vegetation period from vegetative phase to seed setting phase was lower than 35. The fermentation coefficient for the IV form of species at the initial phase of seed setting amounted to 36.54, which ensured the correct fermentation...

Nine samples (6 g each) were collected from freshly harvested and manually threshed Virginia fanpetals seeds. Seeds of six samples were immersed into hot water (50–100°C) for 20 seconds, cooled, and dried on the filter paper. Other samples were kept for 10, 20, or 30 minutes in concentrated sulphuric acid, then washed out with water, and dried. Non-scarified seeds constituted the control. The next day, part of seeds from every combination (4 × 50) were sown onto Petri dishes on wetted filter paper, while others stored for further studies...

The objective of the presented study was to induce mutation in petunia ( Petunia atkinsiana D. Don) Flash Red using sodium azide (AS), ethyl methane-sulfonate (EMS), methyl methane-sulfonate (MMS) and diethyl sulphate (DES) of different concentrations 0.5; 1.0; 1.5 and 2.0 mM. Genetic variation of petunia was investigated with the ISSR-PCR method. The morphological changes, observed in mutants in the M1 and M2 generations, referred principally to: lack of pigments in flowers and leaves...

In the paper a development of quantitative genetics has been presented on the background of the main achievements in biometry and biology. Different approaches and methods in historical aspect have been described and four periods in quantitative genetics history were distinguished: (1) formulating the hypothesis of polygenes, (2) the development of methods based on segregating generations, (3) the use of doubled haploid populations in analysis of quantitative inheritance, (4) combining quantitative and molecular genetics.

At early stages of plant breeding the field trials are usually performed with use of very high number of lines. Often the number of such lines exceeds 1000. Among them, there are genotypes with high values of an observed trait, genotypes with medium values and genotypes characterized by low values of the trait. For various reasons such trials are usually laid down in one replicate with use of one or several standard varieties repeated many times and systematically placed in experimental field among tested lines. After one year of trials, a breeder has just single observations for the tested lines and is forced (by economy) to make very severe reduction of experimental material making selection of the best lines...

In the paper the empirical comparison of eight methods of estimation of treatment effects in one-replicate trials (with replicated standards) is reported. The data from experiments on spring wheat, spring barley and winter wheat performed at Choryń, Kobierzyce, Polanowice, Modzurów and Nagradowice form a basis for all considerations. There were from one to five standard varieties used in particular trials. Different criteria were used. The uniformity of distribution of chosen (the best) lines in experimental area was one of these criteria. Another one based on comparison of the estimates of treatment effects with the same effects obtained when classical analysis of variance in muti-replicated trials was applied...

The phenotype of an individual is determined by both the genotype and environment. Farmers and scientists aim to determine a superior genotype over a wide range of environmental conditions but also over years. The basic cause of differences between genotypes in their yield stability is when these two effects are not only additive, i.e. when genotype × environment interaction (GEI) is present in the data. Multi-location trials play an important role in plant breeding and agronomic research...

Eleven winter wheat varieties, differing in agronomic and quality traits, were chosen for diallel crosses (Griffing’s model II). Two experiments: with F1 and F2 generations (55 hybrids and their parents for each) were carried out at the ARS in Dłoń in 2004. Both experiments were performed in randomised block design with three replications. Heritability and genetic components for morpholohgical and yield components traits were calculated...

The paper presents results of theoretical and experimental studies on statistical methodology of evaluation of wide adaptation degree of cultivars. The aim of the theoretical study was to present a conceptual framework of wide adaptation degree of cultivars and to develop some new statistical measures as well as describe standard statistical measures of wide adaptation degree including the order Kang’s measure, YSi, and genotypic mean yield...

Data for winter wheat grain yield which were analyzed in the paper come from 14 multiple-environment trials (METs), called pre-registration trials, done across the years 1991–2004. Each year, new tested cultivars entered the trials network but some entries and check-cultivars retained in the network for a few year period. Among them 21 tested and check cultivars, evaluated across at least 3 years period, were taken to these considerations. The entries were released during the years the 1982 to 2004. Adjusted means of grain yield for cultivars in locations across years using BLUE estimator...

Seeds of two cultivars of common wheat were subjected to four doses of semiconductor laser light after imbibition lasting 0, 30, 60, 90 or 120 min. Lengths of radicle, coleoptile and first leaf were measured as the variables. Significant effects on length of the seedling organs were found for cultivars, laser radiation doses and the imbibition times, as well as for interactions between the studied factors. The winter cultivar Kobra proved to be more susceptible to the treatments than the spring cultivar Olimpia...

Experiments with 20 Triticum durum Desf. lines selected from several crossbreeding combinations were carried out in the years 2002–2005. The experiment was set in the Experiment Farm Czesławice near Nałęczów, in randomized blocks design in three replications. Each plot was of 2 m2 area. Common wheat (Torka cv.) was the standard. The following traits were observed and measured: disease infestation, resistance to lodging, vegetation period length, plant height, rachis length, number of spikelets in ear, ear density...

The experimental material consisted of 32 lines of Triticum durum Desf. and one standard variety of Triticum aestivum L.. Ears harvested in the field were soaked in water (15 minutes) and placed in moist chamber. The resistance to sprouting was evaluated after 3 and 7 days. The ears were dried in dryer and threshed manually with separation of sprouted grains from those not sprouted. Simultaneously, the germination of grains was measured on a filter paper in Petri dishes. This evaluation was repeated after 4 and 8 weeks. Last time sprouting in 10-4 M solution of abscisic acid was carried out...

This work presents the theoretical development of retrospective analysis methods, which are appropriate to study unbalanced historical data sets from multi-environmental series of experiments carried out for many years. These methods are the first part of pattern analysis methods and they are used for clustering locations in the way by which they discriminate among genotypes. The paper describes an idea of calculating proximities between locations and averaging proximity matrices over years. These procedures were used in the SEQRET package, which has been exemplified in Part II of the work.

This work presents the example of using pattern analysis methods, which are appropriate to cluster locations for unbalanced historical data sets from multienvironmental series of experiments with winter wheat carried out for many years. The SEQRET package was used for clustering locations in the way by which they discriminate among genotypes, and for calculating determination coefficients for years. The paper presents the use of procedures described in a theoretical Part I in practice.

The paper presents a multivariate approach to estimation of the influence of sowing time and density on grain yield, 1000 grain weight and three technological traits (test weight, protein and starch content) of 4 varieties of spring triticale. The uni- and multivariate statistical methods have been used for data of series of experiments conducted in split-splot design in three replications...

The object at the work were rye and triticale hybrids and their parental components. The main goal of the research was to determine, using mathematical models, the relationship between the heterosis effect of F1 rye and triticale hybrids and genetic distance parental lines. Both for RAPD and AFLP markers, the best function to describes the relationship between the heterosis effect and genetic distance were...

The studies were carried out on four cultivars of winter rye: Amilo, Dańkowskie Nowe, Diamant and Warko, two cultivars of spring rye: Abago and Bojko, five cultivars of winter triticale: Fidelio, Grenado, Presto, Woltario and Zorro, and two cultivars of spring triticale: Legalo and Dublet. In laboratory conditions, the effects of different doses of light from a 200 mW semiconductor laser on sowing value, morphological features and diastatic power were evaluated. The triticale cultivars, compared to the rye ones, showed lower sensitivity to pre-sowing radiation of grains...

The objective of this study was to compare parametric and non-parametric methods in G × E interaction analysis. Experimental data were from trials conducted in the years 2005–2007 in Lower Silesia at the following locations: Kondratowice, Krościna Mała, Naroczyce, Tarnów Śląski andTomaszów Bolesławiecki. Twelve rye cultivars: Fernando, Klawo, Konto, Picasso, Stach, Caroass, Agricolo, Amilo, Bosmo, Motto, Rostockie and Słowiańskie were grown at two levels of cultivation (low input and intensive)...

The objective of this study was identification of genomic regions controlling the flag leaf length (FLL) in Ds2 × RXL10 and 541 × Ot1-3 mapping populations of rye. Five QTLs (two on Ds2 × RXL10 map and three on 541 × Ot1-3 map) were detected on chromosomes 2R, 4R and 7R. Only the QTL on chromosome 2R was identified in the same region on both maps. The most important QTLs are located on chromosome 7R, but on different arms in each map...

The aim of this study was identification of some morphological traits related to lodging resistance in rye. One hundred F4 lines of Ds2 × RXL10 mapping population were used. Each F4 lines plant was measured in respect to length (SIL) and thickness (SIT) of the second internode. With the use of earliner published data on the plant height (Ph), a lodging coefficient (Lc) was calculated as a ratio between the thickness of the second internode and plant height...

A new method was proposed for evaluating stability of rye cultivars tested in 15 post-registration trials conducted in the years 2005–2007. The method is based upon ranks of cultivars in particular environments and coefficients of variability calculated across the environments. For multiple comparisons the Duncan’s test was used and each cultivar was given appropriate rank. Cultivars in a homogeneous group were assigned the same rank...

Most genotype differences connected with yield stability are due to genotype . environment interaction. The presence and dimension of this interaction are the factors that determine the performance of genotypes in distinct environments. The environmental factors, like annual rainfall, temperature, diseases or soil fertility, can only explain part of this interaction. Many statistical tools have been developed with the aim to explain the information contained in the GE interaction data matrix. In our work we use the Joint Regression Analysis (JRA), the Zig-Zag Algorithm to estimate the regression coefficients and the multiple comparison tests of Scheffé, Tukey and Bonferroni...

The analysis concerned the offspring of 6 inbred lines of maize (different for each year) crossed with 8 testers using factorial design (North Carolina Design II). Four flint type and four dent type testers were applied. The experiments were carried in two successive years using incomplete blockdesign with two replications. During the plants vegetation data were recorded for: resistance to tillering (in 9° scale), plants uninfected by smut and erect plants before harvest (both values in Bliss degrees). After harvest dry matter content of grain and grain yield from plot were assessed...

The occurrence of plants with abnormal morphology has been observed on oilseed rape (B. napus) plantations in the last few years. Simultaneously, the problems with maintaining the quality of raw material for oil industry appear in various regions of Poland. Therefore, the investigations aiming at explanation of this phenomenon have been undertaken. The investigations included 122 volunteers collected from winter oilseed rape fields in the growing season 2005/2006. The plantations were selected in three voivodeships...

Post registration yield trials including winter oilseed rape cultivars were carried out in Lower Silesia in the years 2005–2007 at the following locations: Krościna Mała, Naroczyce, Pawłowice, Tarnów Śląski, Tomaszów Bolesławiecki and Zybiszów. Four open-pollinated cultivars: Bazyl, Bojan, Cabriolet, and Californium and five hybrids: Baldur, Kronos, Mazur, Pomorzanin and Titan were used...

Diallel crosses (Griffing’s type II) between 8 inbred lines of spring rape were made. The lines were selected from 30 breeding lines (SHR Borowo) based on the results of multivariate analysis of variance. Field experiments with parental genotypes and F1 hybrids were carried out in the years 2002 and 2003. Genetic analysis of nine quantitative traits was done...

Breeding values of important agricultural traits can be obtained e.g. by application of suitable schemes of crossing parental forms. If the number of inbred lines is great, experiments with hybrids obtained from line . tester crosses are usually performed. In this procedure, a number of inbred lines tested is higher than that using diallel crosses. However, selection of testers differentiating the analyzed inbred lines in respect of interested trait is often a large problem...

The aim of the study was to estimate of genetic variability among species chosen from the Lathyrus collection with the use of polymorphic random amplified DNA fragments and to analyze ß-N-oxalyl-L-.-ß-diaminopropionic acid content (ß-ODAP) of seeds. Plants of four species: L. sativus, L. cicera, L. tingitanus and L. gorgoni were evaluated. RAPD-PCR reaction for twenty-eight 10- nucleotide primers (with random sequence) showed 97% polymorphism...

The paper describes the attempt made to determine the relationships between fruit yield and quality of everbearing strawberry. The results of field evaluation of 1280 strawberry seedlings belonging to 32 hybrid families came from the Institute of Pomology and Floriculture in Skierniewice. Variability of the experimental objects was evaluated using the principal components analysis. Afterwards, Ward’s hierarchical clustering method was applied to distinguish homogeneous groups of objects...

A method for grouping the multivariate normal treatments with common covariance matrix is proposed. The method is applicable in cluster analysis and utilizes the Mahalanobis distance as a of measure similarity of two treatments. It is based on the successive merging of two most similar samples taken from the treatments in the sense of minimal distance between them...

Precision of variety trials is often defined in terms of the least significant differences (LSD), expressed in percents of a general mean of the analyzed trait (LSD%). In this paper, the results of several hundred trials on spring and winter wheat, spring barley and winter triticale were used to assess the effect of the year upon a rate of precision. The non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test was applied to verify the hypothesis on the lack of differences between years...

In the process of breeding of self-fertilizing plants one can consider three elements: selection of initial materials, breeding methods and evaluation of lines with respect to their economic value. The relatively small genetic diversity of registered varieties observed in the European countries shows their great similarity. This is confirmed in many papers, in which, using the molecular techniques, the variability of varieties of different species was analyzed. The plant breeding methods used by breeders across Europe are much alike too...

A phenotypic variation and interrelationships between 51 genotypes (cultivars and clones) from the winter wheat working collection maintained at the Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, Department of Cereal Crops in Cracow, were assessed. Yield structure traits and susceptibility to the most important winter wheat diseases were evaluated during 4-year investigations carried out in the years 1999 to 2002. The input data were arranged in an incomplete two-way genotype × year classification...

In the paper, the diversity among quantitative traits in the winter wheat germplasm working collection using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was studied. Fifty-one genotypes (cultivars and clones) from the Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, Department of Cereal Crops in Cracow, were evaluated in the years 1999–2002. Two approaches of the PCA were applied. The first, classical approach, involved the phenotypic correlation matrix, i.e. correlation coefficients between across year phenotypic means...

Variability, heritability and correlations were investigated for 13 parameters characterizing bread-making quality of winter wheat. The grain material of 105 cultivars and strains from the preliminary state trials of the years 2005 and 2006 was analyzed in the Department of Cereal Crops of the Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, Cracow Division. The statistical analysis, performed separately for each year, included analysis of variance and calculation of means and coefficients of variability, heritability, genotypic correlation and phenotypic correlation...

The genotypic and environmental variation of winter wheat grain yield was assessed on the basis of early and late pre-registration trials conducted in Poland from 1991 to 2007. It was observed that the genotypic variance was not related to the mean yield level. The genotype - by - environment interaction variance was negatively related to the yield, which suggests that significance of the interaction in adverse seasons has increased...

The experiments with 17 breeding lines of durum wheat and three cultivars of winter wheat were carried out using randomised complete block design in four locations in 2005. Six traits were investigated: grain vitreosity, total protein content, ash of flour, falling number, β-carotene content and grain yield. The analysis of variance revealed differences between all the experimental objects for all the traits...